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Hydrogen intercalation in solids is common, complicated, and very difficultto monitor. In a new approach to the problem, we have studied the profile ofhydrogen diffusion in single-crystal nanobeams and plates of VO2, exploitingthe fact that hydrogen doping in this material leads to visible darkening nearroom temperature connected with the metal-insulator transition at 65 {\deg}C.We observe hydrogen diffusion along the rutile c-axis but not perpendicular toit, making this a highly one-dimensional diffusion system. We obtain anactivated diffusion coefficient, ~0.01 e^(-0.6 eV/k_B T) cm2sec-1, applicablein metallic phase. In addition, we observe dramatic supercooling of thehydrogen-induced metallic phase and spontaneous segregation of the hydrogeninto stripes implying that the diffusion process is highly nonlinear, even inthe absence of defects. Similar complications may occur in hydrogen motion inother materials but are not revealed by conventional measurement techniques.

Visualization of one-dimensional diffusion and spontaneous segregation of hydrogen in single crystals of VO2