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Mechanical stress plays an intricate role in gene expression in individualcells and sculpting of developing tissues. However, systematic methods ofstudying how mechanical stress and feedback help to harmonize cellularactivities within a tissue have yet to be developed. Motivated by ourobservation of the cellular constriction chains (CCCs) during the initial phaseof ventral furrow formation in the Drosophila melanogaster embryo, we proposean active granular fluid (AGF) model that provides valuable insights intocellular coordination in the apical constriction process. In our model, cellsare treated as circular particles connected by a predefined force network, andthey undergo a random constriction process in which the particle constrictionprobability P is a function of the stress exerted on the particle by itsneighbors. We find that when P favors tensile stress, constricted particlestend to form chain-like structures. In contrast, constricted particles tend toform compact clusters when P favors compression. A remarkable similarity ofconstricted-particle chains and CCCs observed in vivo provides indirectevidence that tensile-stress feedback coordinates the apical constrictionactivity. We expect that our particle-based AGF model will be useful inanalyzing mechanical feedback effects in a wide variety of morphogenesis andorganogenesis phenomena.

Embryo as an active granular fluid: stress-coordinated cellular constriction chains