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Spatial confinement in nanoporous media affects the structure, thermodynamicsand mobility of molecular soft matter often markedly. This article reviewsthermodynamic equilibrium phenomena, such as physisorption, capillarycondensation, crystallisation, self-diffusion, and structural phase transitionsas well as selected aspects of the emerging field of spatially confined,non-equilibrium physics, i.e. the rheology of liquids, capillarity-driven flowphenomena, and imbibition front broadening in nanoporous materials. Theobservations in the nanoscale systems are related to the corresponding bulkphenomenologies. The complexity of the confined molecular species is variedfrom simple building blocks, like noble gas atoms, normal alkanes and alcoholsto liquid crystals, polymers, ionic liquids, proteins and water. Mostly,experiments with mesoporous solids of alumina, carbon, gold, silica, andsilicon having pore diameters ranging from a few up to 50 nanometers arepresented. The observed peculiarities of nanopore-confined condensed matter arealso discussed with regard to applications. A particular emphasis is put ontexture formation upon crystallisation in nanoporous media, a topic both ofhigh fundamental interest and of increasing nanotechnological importance, e.g.,for the synthesis of organic/inorganic hybrid materials by melt infiltration,the usage of nanoporous solids in crystal nucleation or in template-assistedelectrochemical deposition of nano structures.

Soft matter in hard confinement: phase transition thermodynamics, structure, texture, diffusion and flow in nanoporous media - topical review