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We report a surface treatment that systematically improves the quality factorof niobium radio frequency cavities beyond the expected limit for niobium. Acombination of annealing in a partial pressure of nitrogen or argon gas andsubsequent electropolishing of the niobium cavity surface leads tounprecedented low values of the microwave surface resistance, and animprovement in the efficiency of the accelerating structures up to a factor of3, reducing the cryogenic load of superconducting cavities for both pulsed andcontinuous duty cycles. The field dependence of the surface resistance isreversed compared to standardly treated niobium.

Nitrogen and argon doping of niobium for superconducting radio frequency cavities: a pathway to highly efficient accelerating structures