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We investigate how emergent nematic order and nematic fluctuations affectseveral macroscopic properties of both the normal and superconducting states ofthe iron pnictides. Due to its magnetic origin, long-range nematic orderenhances magnetic fluctuations, leaving distinctive signatures in thespin-lattice relaxation rate, the spin-spin correlation function, and theuniform magnetic susceptibility. This enhancement of magnetic excitations isalso manifested in the electronic spectral function, where a pseudogap can openat the hot spots of the Fermi surface. In the nematic phase, electrons arescattered by magnetic fluctuations that are anisotropic in momentum space,giving rise to a non-zero resistivity anisotropy whose sign changes betweenelectron-doped and hole-doped compounds. We also show that due to themagneto-elastic coupling, nematic fluctuations soften the shear modulus in thenormal state, but harden it in the superconducting state. The latter effect isan indirect consequence of the competition between magnetism andsuperconductivity, and also causes a suppression of the orthorhombic distortionbelow T_{c}. We also demonstrate that ferro-orbital fluctuations enhance thenematic susceptibility, cooperatively promoting an electronic tetragonalsymmetry-breaking. Finally, we argue that T_{c} in the iron pnictides might beenhanced due to nematic fluctuations of magnetic origin.

Manifestations of nematic degrees of freedom in the magnetic, elastic, and superconducting properties of the iron pnictides