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This paper describes a conceptual framework for understanding kinetic plasmaturbulence as a generalized form of energy cascade in phase space. It isemphasized that conversion of turbulent energy into thermodynamic heat is onlyachievable in the presence of some (however small) degree of collisionality.The smallness of the collision rate is compensated by the emergence ofsmall-scale structure in the velocity space. For gyrokinetic turbulence, anonlinear perpendicular phase mixing mechanism is identified and described as aturbulent cascade of entropy fluctuations simultaneously occurring at spatialscales smaller than the ion gyroscale and in velocity space. Scaling relationsfor the resulting fluctuation spectra are derived. An estimate for thecollisional cutoff is provided. The importance of adequately modeling andresolving collisions in gyrokinetic simulations is biefly discussed, as well asthe relevance of these results to understanding the dissipation-rangeturbulence in the solar wind and the electrostatic microturbulence in fusionplasmas.

Gyrokinetic turbulence: a nonlinear route to dissipation through phase space