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We provide a general formalism that allows to analyze the phenomenon oftunneling in arbitrary spacetimes. We show that a flux of particles produced bytunneling through general marginally trapped surfaces may be perceived by someprivileged observers. We discuss how this particle perception can be related toHawking/Unruh radiation in specific cases. Our approach naturally leads to anexpression for the effective surface gravity of marginally trapped surfaces.The procedure is applicable to general astrophysical and cosmological dynamicalsituations. Some practical examples for known and new cases are provided.

Particle production from marginally trapped surfaces of general spacetimes