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We study the spontaneous excitation of a radially polarized static multilevelatom outside a spherically symmetric black hole in multi-polar interaction withquantum electromagnetic fluctuations in the Boulware, Unruh and Hartle-Hawkingvacuum states. We find that spontaneous excitation does not occur in theBoulware vacuum, and, in contrast to the scalar field case, spontaneousemission rate is not well-behaved at the event horizon as result of the blow-upof the proper acceleration of the static atom. However, spontaneous excitationcan take place both in the Unruh and the Hartle-Hawking vacua as if there werethermal radiation from the black hole. Distinctive features in contrast to thescalar field case are the existence of a term proportional to the properacceleration squared in the rate of change of the mean atomic energy in theUnruh and the Hartle-Hawking vacuums and the structural similarity in thespontaneous excitation rate between the static atoms outside a black hole anduniformly accelerated ones in a flat space with a reflecting boundary, which isparticularly dramatic at the event horizon where a complete equivalence exists.

Spontaneous excitation of a static multilevel atom coupled with electromagnetic vacuum fluctuations in Schwarzschild spacetime