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Precise manipulation of individual charge carriers in nanoelectronic circuitsunderpins practical applications of their most basic quantum property --- theuniversality and invariance of the elementary charge. A charge pump generates anet current from periodic external modulation of parameters controlling ananostructure connected to source and drain leads; in the regime of quantizedpumping the current varies in steps of $q_e f$ as function of controlparameters, where $q_e$ is the electron charge and $f$ is the frequency ofmodulation. In recent years, robust and accurate quantized charge pumps havebeen developed based on semiconductor quantum dots with tunable tunnelbarriers. These devices allow modulation of charge exchange rates between thedot and the leads over many orders of magnitude and enable trapping of aprecise number of electrons far away from equilibrium with the leads. Thecorresponding non-adiabatic pumping protocols focus on understanding ofseparate parts of the pumping cycle associated with charge loading, capture andrelease. In this report we review realizations, models and metrologyapplications of quantized charge pumps based on tunable-barrier quantum dots.

Non-adiabatic quantized charge pumping with tunable-barrier quantum dots: a review of current progress