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High density polyethylene surfaces were exposed to the atmosphericpost-discharge of a radiofrequency plasma torch supplied in helium and oxygen.Dynamic water contact angle measurements were performed to evaluate changes insurface hydrophilicity and angle resolved x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy wascarried out to identify the functional groups responsible for wettabilitychanges and to study their subsurface depth profiles, up to 9 nm in depth. Thereactions leading to the formation of C-O, C=O and O-C=O groups were simulatedby molecular dynamics. These simulations demonstrate that impinging oxygenatoms do not react immediately upon impact but rather remain at or close to thesurface before eventually reacting. The simulations also explain the release ofgaseous species in the ambient environment as well as the ejection of lowmolecular weight oxidized materials from the surface.

Understanding polyethylene surface functionalization by an atmospheric He-O$_2$ plasma through combined experiments and simulation