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The co-planarity of solar-system planets led Kant to suggest that they formedfrom an accretion disk, and the discovery of hundreds of such disks aroundyoung stars as well as hundreds of co-planar planetary systems by the Keplersatellite demonstrate that this formation mechanism is extremely widespread.Many moons in the solar system, such as the Galilean moons of Jupiter, alsoformed out of the accretion disks that coalesced into the giant planets. Wereport here the discovery of an intermediate system OGLE-2013-BLG-0723LB/Bbcomposed of a Venus-mass planet orbiting a brown dwarf, which may be viewedeither as a scaled down version of a planet plus star or as a scaled up versionof a moon plus planet orbiting a star. The latter analogy can be furtherextended since they orbit in the potential of a larger, stellar body. Forice-rock companions formed in the outer parts of accretion disks, like Uranusand Callisto, the scaled masses and separations of the three types of systemsare similar, leading us to suggest that formation processes of companionswithin accretion disks around stars, brown dwarfs, and planets are similar.

A Venus-Mass Planet Orbiting a Brown Dwarf: Missing Link between Planets and Moons