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The transition between the supersonic solar wind and the subsonicheliosheath, the termination shock (TS), was observed by Voyager 2 (V2) on 2007August 31-September 1 at a distance of 84 AU from the Sun. The data revealmultiple crossings of a complex, quasi-perpendicular supercritical shock. Theseexperimental data are the starting point for a more sophisticated analysis thatincludes computer modeling of a shock in the presence of pickup ions (PUIs).here, we present two-dimensional (2-D) particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations ofthe TS including PUIs self-consistently. We also report the ion velocitydistribution across the TS using the Faraday cup data from V2. A relativelycomplete plasma and magnetic field data set from V2 gives us the opportunity todo a full comparison between the experimental data and PIC simulation results.Our results show that: (1) The nonstationarity of the shock front is mainlycaused by the ripples along the shock front and these ripples from even if thepercentage of PUIs is high. (2) PUIs play a key role in the energy dissipationof the TS, and most of the incident ion dynamic energy is transferred to thethermal energy of PUIs instead of solar wind ions (SWIs). (3) The simulatedcomposite heliosheath ion velocity distribution function is a superposition ofa cold core formed by transmitted SWIs, the shoulders contributed by the hotreflected SWIs and directly transmitted PUIs, and the wings of the distributiondominated by the very hot reflected PUIs. (4) The V2 Faraday cups observed thecool core of the distribution, so they saw only a tip of the iceberg. For theevolution of the cool core distribution function across the TS, the computedresults agree reasonably well with the V2experimental results.

astrophysical journal/the astrophysical journal

Impact of pickup ions on the shock front nonstationarity and energy  dissipation of the heliospheric termination shock: Two-dimensional full  particle simulations and comparison with Voyager 2 observations