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The Multi-Scale Continuum and Line Exploration of W49 (MUSCLE W49) is acomprehensive gas and dust survey of the giant molecular cloud (GMC) of W49A,the most luminous star-formation region in the Milky Way. It covers the entireGMC at different scales and angular resolutions. In this paper we present: 1)an all-configuration SMA mosaic in the 230-GHz band covering the central 3arcmin (10 pc, known as W49N), with most of the embedded massive stars; and 2)PMO 14m telescope observations in the 90-GHz band, covering the entire GMC withmaps up to 35 arcmin in size, or 113 pc. We also make use of archival data fromthe VLA, JCMT-SCUBA, IRAM 30m, and the CSO BOLOCAM GPS. Our main findings are:1) The W49 GMC is one of the most massive in the Galaxy, with a total mass~1.1x10^6 Msun within a radius of 60 pc. Within a radius of 6 pc, the total gasmass is ~2x10^5 Msun. At these scales only 1% of the material is photoionized.The mass reservoir is sufficient to form several young massive clusters (YMCs)as massive as a globular cluster. 2) The mass of the GMC is distributed in ahierarchical network of filaments. At scales <10 pc, a triple, centrallycondensed structure peaks toward the ring of HC HII regions in W49N. Thisstructure extends to scales from ~10 to 100 pc. The W49A starburst most likelyformed from global gravitational contraction with localized collapse in a"hub-filament" geometry. 3) Currently, feedback from the central YMCs (with apresent mass Mcl > 5x10^4 Msun) is still not enough to entirely disrupt theGMC, but further stellar mass growth could be enough to allow radiationpressure to clear the cloud and halt star formation. 4) The resulting stellarcontent will probably remain as a gravitationally bound massive star cluster,or a small system of bound clusters. (ABRIDGED)

astrophysical journal/the astrophysical journal

MUSCLE W49 : A Multi-Scale Continuum and Line Exploration of the Most  Luminous Star Formation Region in the Milky Way. I. Data and The Mass  Structure of the Giant Molecular Cloud