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We report the discovery of an Earth-sized planet ($1.16\pm 0.19 R_\oplus$) inan 8.5-hour orbit around a late G-type star (KIC 8435766, Kepler-78). Theobject was identified in a search for short-period planets in the {\it Kepler}database and confirmed to be a transiting planet (as opposed to an eclipsingstellar system) through the absence of ellipsoidal light variations orsubstantial radial-velocity variations. The unusually short orbital period andthe relative brightness of the host star ($m_{\rm Kep}$ = 11.5) enable robustdetections of the changing illumination of the visible hemisphere of theplanet, as well as the occultations of the planet by the star. We interpretthese signals as representing a combination of reflected and reprocessed light,with the highest planet dayside temperature in the range of 2300 K to 3100 K.Follow-up spectroscopy combined with finer sampling photometric observationswill further pin down the system parameters and may even yield the mass of theplanet.

Transits and Occultations of an Earth-Sized Planet in an 8.5-Hour Orbit