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We present a catalog of 224 galaxy cluster candidates, selected through theirSunyaev-Zel'dovich (SZ) effect signature in the first 720 deg2 of the SouthPole Telescope (SPT) survey. This area was mapped with the SPT in the 2008 and2009 austral winters to a depth of 18 uK-arcmin at 150 GHz; 550 deg2 of it wasalso mapped to 44 uK-arcmin at 95 GHz. Based on optical imaging of allcandidates and near-infrared imaging of the majority of candidates, we havefound optical and/or infrared counterparts for 158 clusters. Of these, 135 werefirst identified as clusters in SPT data, including 117 new discoveriesreported in this work. This catalog triples the number of confirmed galaxyclusters discovered through the SZ effect. We report photometrically derived(and in some cases spectroscopic) redshifts for confirmed clusters and redshiftlower limits for the remaining candidates. The catalog extends to high redshiftwith a median redshift of z = 0.55 and maximum redshift of z = 1.37. Based onsimulations, we expect the catalog to be nearly 100% complete above M500 ~ 5e14Msun h_{70}^-1 at z > 0.6. There are 121 candidates detected at signal-to-noisegreater than five, at which the catalog purity is measured to be 95%. From thishigh-purity subsample, we exclude the z < 0.3 clusters and use the remaining100 candidates to improve cosmological constraints following the methodpresented by Benson et al., 2011. Adding the cluster data to CMB+BAO+H0 dataleads to a preference for non-zero neutrino masses while only slightly reducingthe upper limit on the sum of neutrino masses to sum mnu < 0.38 eV (95% CL).For a spatially flat wCDM cosmological model, the addition of this catalog tothe CMB+BAO+H0+SNe results yields sigma8=0.807+-0.027 and w = -1.010+-0.058,improving the constraints on these parameters by a factor of 1.4 and 1.3,respectively. [abbrev]

Galaxy clusters discovered via the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect in the first 720 square degrees of the South Pole Telescope survey