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We estimate the average radio-AGN (mechanical) power deposited into the hotatmospheres of galaxy clusters over more than three quarters of the age of theUniverse. Our sample was drawn from eight major X-ray cluster surveys, andincludes 685 clusters in the redshift range 0.1 < z < 0.6 that overlap the areacovered by the NVSS. The radio AGN mechanical power was estimated from theradio luminosity of central NVSS sources, using the relation of Cavagnolo etal. 2010 that is based on mechanical powers determined from the enthalpies ofX-ray cavities. We find only a weak correlation between radio luminosity andcluster X-ray luminosity, although the most powerful radio sources resides inluminous clusters. The average AGN mechanical power of 3x10^{44} erg/s exceedsthe X-ray luminosity of 44% of the clusters, indicating that the accumulationof radio-AGN energy is significant in these clusters. Integrating the AGNmechanical power to redshift z=2, using simple models for its evolution anddisregarding the hierarchical growth of clusters, we find that the AGN energyaccumulated per particle in low luminosity X-ray clusters exceeds 1 keV perparticle. This result represents a conservative lower limit to the accumulatedthermal energy. The estimate is comparable to the level of energy needed to"preheat" clusters, indicating that continual outbursts from radio-AGN are asignificant source of gas energy in hot atmospheres. Assuming an average massconversion efficiency of $\eta=0.1$, our result implies that the supermassiveblack holes that released this energy did so by accreting an average of ~10^9M_{sun} over time, which is comparable to the level of growth expected duringthe quasar era.

Radio AGN in galaxy clusters: heating hot atmospheres and driving supermassive black hole growth over cosmic time