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We introduce the Minimum Entropy Method, a simple statistical technique forconstraining the Milky Way gravitational potential and simultaneously testingdifferent gravity theories directly from 6D phase-space surveys and withoutadopting dynamical models. We demonstrate that orbital energy distributionsthat are separable (i.e. independent of position) have an associated entropythat increases under wrong assumptions about the gravitational potential and/orgravity theory. Of known objects, `cold' tidal streams from low-massprogenitors follow orbital distributions that most nearly satisfy the conditionof separability. Although the orbits of tidally stripped stars are perturbed bythe progenitor's self-gravity, systematic variations of the energy distributioncan be quantified in terms of the cross-entropy of individual tails, givingfurther sensitivity to theoretical biases in the host potential. Thefeasibility of using the Minimum Entropy Method to test a wide range of gravitytheories is illustrated by evolving restricted N-body models in a Newtonianpotential and examining the changes in entropy introduced by Dirac, MONDian andf(R) gravity modifications.

A statistical method for measuring the Galactic potential and testing gravity with cold tidal streams