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During flares and coronal mass ejections, energetic electrons from coronalsources typically have very long lifetimes compared to the transit times acrossthe systems, suggesting confinement in the source region. Particle-in-cellsimulations are carried out to explore the mechanisms of energetic electrontransport from the corona to the chromosphere and possible confinement. We setup an initial system of pre-accelerated hot electrons in contact with ambientcold electrons along the local magnetic field, and let it evolve over time.Suppression of transport by a nonlinear, highly localized electrostaticelectric field (in the form of a double layer) is observed after a short phaseof free-streaming by hot electrons. The double layer (DL) emerges at thecontact of the two electron populations. It is driven by an ion-electronstreaming instability due to the drift of the back-streaming return currentelectrons interacting with the ions. The DL grows over time and supports asignificant drop in temperature and hence reduces heat flux between the tworegions that is sustained for the duration of the simulation. This study showstransport suppression begins when the energetic electrons start to propagateaway from a coronal acceleration site. It also implies confinement of energeticelectrons with kinetic energies less than the electrostatic energy of the DLfor the DL lifetime, which is much longer than the electron transit timethrough the source region.

Suppression of energetic electron transport in flares by double layers