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We have conducted a long-term, wide-field, high-cadence photometricmonitoring survey of ~50,000 stars in the Lagoon Nebula \ion{H}{2} region. Thisfirst paper presents rotation periods for 290 low-mass stars in NGC 6530, theyoung cluster illuminating the nebula, and for which we assemble a catalog ofinfrared and spectroscopic disk indicators, estimated masses and ages, andX-ray luminosities. The distribution of rotation periods we measure is broadlyuniform for 0.5 < P < 10 d; the short-period cutoff corresponds to breakup. Weobserve no obvious bimodality in the period distribution, but we do find thatstars with disk signatures rotate more slowly on average. The stars' X-rayluminosities are roughly flat with rotation period, at the saturation level($\log L_X / L_{\rm bol} \approx -3.3$). However, we find a significantpositive correlation between $L_X / L_{\rm bol}$ and co-rotation radius,suggesting that the observed X-ray luminosities are regulated by centrifugalstripping of the stellar coronae. The period-mass relationship in NGC 6530 isbroadly similar to that of the Orion Nebula Cluster (ONC), but the slope of therelationship among the slowest rotators differs from that in the ONC and otheryoung clusters. We show that the slope of the period-mass relationship for theslowest rotators can be used as a proxy for the age of a young cluster, and weargue that NGC 6530 may be slightly younger than the ONC, making it aparticularly important touchstone for models of angular momentum evolution inyoung, low-mass stars.

Time-Series Photometry of Stars in and around the Lagoon Nebula. I. Rotation Periods of 290 Low-Mass Pre-Main-Sequence Stars in NGC 6530