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We present Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS) measurements of metal abundancesin eight 0.083<z<0.321 damped Lyman-\alpha (DLA) and sub-damped Ly-\alpha\absorption systems serendipitously discovered in the COS-Halos survey. We findthat these systems show a large range in metallicities, with -1.10<[Z/H]<0.31,similar to the spread found at higher redshifts. These low-redshift systems onaverage have subsolar metallicities, but do show a rise in metallicity overcosmic time when compared to higher-redshift systems. We find the averagesub-DLA metallicity is higher than the average DLA metallicity at allredshifts. Nitrogen is underabundant with respect to \alpha-group elements inall but perhaps one of the absorbers. In some cases, [N/\alpha] issignificantly below the lowest nitrogen measurements in nearby galaxies.Systems for which depletion patterns can be studied show little, if any,depletion, which is characteristic of Milky Way halo-type gas. We also identifyaffiliated galaxies for 3 of the sub-DLAs using spectra obtained fromKeck/LRIS. None of these sub-DLAs arise in the stellar disks of luminousgalaxies; instead, these absorbers may exist in galaxy halos at impactparameters ranging from 38 to 92 kpc. Multiple galaxies are present near two ofthe sub-DLAs, and galaxy interactions may play a role in the dispersal of thegas. Many of these low-redshift absorbers exhibit simple kinematics, but onesub-DLA has a complicated mix of at least 13 components spread over 150 km/s.We find three galaxies near this sub-DLA, which also suggests that galaxyinteractions roil the gas. This study reinforces the view that DLAs have avariety of origins, and low-redshift studies are crucial for understandingabsorber-galaxy connections.

astrophysical journal/the astrophysical journal

The First Observations of Low-Redshift Damped Lyman-{\alpha} Systems  with the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph: Chemical Abundances and Affiliated  Galaxies