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We study the generation of large-scale vortices in rotating turbulentconvection by means of Cartesian direct numerical simulations. We find that forsufficiently rapid rotation, cyclonic structures on a scale large in comparisonto that of the convective eddies, emerge, provided that the fluid Reynoldsnumber exceeds a critical value. For slower rotation, cool cyclonic vorticesare preferred, whereas for rapid rotation, warm anti-cyclonic vortices arefavored. In some runs in the intermediate regime both types of cyclonesco-exist for thousands of convective turnover times. The temperature contrastbetween the vortices and the surrounding atmosphere is of the order of five percent. We relate the simulation results to observations of rapidly rotatinglate-type stars that are known to exhibit large high-latitude spots fromDoppler imaging. In many cases, cool spots are accompanied with spotted regionswith temperatures higher than the average. In this paper, we investigate ascenario according to which the spots observed in the temperature maps couldhave a non-magnetic origin due to large-scale vortices in the convection zonesof the stars.

Starspots due to large-scale vortices in rotating turbulent convection