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Large surface temperatures on the illuminated hemisphere of the Moon can leadit to contribute a significant amount of flux to spatially unresolved infrared(IR) observations of the Earth-Moon system, especially at wavelengths whereEarth's atmosphere is absorbing. We have paired the NASA AstrobiologyInstitute's Virtual Planetary Laboratory three-dimensional spectral Earth modelwith a model of the phase dependent IR spectrum of a Moonlike satellite toinvestigate the effects of an unresolved companion on IR observations ofEarthlike extrasolar planets. For an extrasolar twin Earth-Moon system observedat full phase at IR wavelengths, the Moon consistently comprises about 20% ofthe total signal, approaches 30% of the signal in the 9.6 micron ozone band andthe 15 micron carbon dioxide band, makes up as much as 80% of the total signalin the 6.3 micron water band, and more than 90% of the signal in the 4.3 microncarbon dioxide band. These excesses translate to inferred brightnesstemperatures for Earth that are too large by about 20-40 K, and demonstratethat the presence of an undetected satellite can have a significant impact onthe spectroscopic characterization of terrestrial exoplanets. The thermal fluxcontribution from an airless companion depends strongly on thestar-planet-observer angle (i.e., the phase angle), allowing moons to mimic ormask seasonal variations in the host planet's IR spectrum, and implying thatobservations of exoplanets should be taken when the phase angle is as small asfeasibly possible if contributions from airless companions are to be minimized.We show that, by differencing IR observations of an Earth twin with a companiontaken at both gibbous phase and at crescent phase, Moonlike satellites may bedetectable by future exoplanet characterization missions for a wide range ofsystem inclinations.

astrophysical journal/the astrophysical journal

Modeling the Infrared Spectrum of the Earth-Moon System: Implications  for the Detection and Characterization of Earthlike Extrasolar Planets and  their Moonlike Companions