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We report on the first Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS) observations ofdamped and sub-damped Lyman-alpha (DLA) systems discovered in a new survey ofthe gaseous halos of low-redshift galaxies. From observations of 37 sightlines,we have discovered three DLAs and four sub-DLAs. We measure the neutral gasdensity Omega(HI), and redshift density dN/dz, of DLA and sub-DLA systems atz<0.35. We find dN/dz=0.25 and Omega(HI)=1.4x10^-3 for DLAs, and dN/dz=0.08with Omega(HI)=4.2x10^-5 for sub-DLAs over a redshift path delta z=11.9. Todemonstrate the scientific potential of such systems, we present a detailedanalysis of the DLA at z=0.1140 in the spectrum of SDSS J1009+0713. Profilefits to the absorption lines determine log N(H I)=20.68pm0.10 with ametallicity determined from the undepleted element Sulfur of [S/H]=-0.62pm0.18.The abundance pattern of this DLA is similar to that of higher z DLAs, showingmild depletion of the refractory elements Fe and Ti with [S/Fe]=+0.24pm0.22 and[S/Ti]=+0.28pm0.15. Nitrogen is underabundant in this system with[N/H]=-1.40pm0.14, placing this DLA below the plateau of the [N/alpha]measurements in the local Universe at similar metallicities. This DLA has asimple kinematic structure with only two components required to fit theprofiles and a kinematic width of 52 km/s. Imaging of the QSO field with WFC3reveals a spiral galaxy at very small impact parameter to the QSO and severalgalaxies within 10". Followup spectra with LRIS reveal that none of the nearbygalaxies are at the redshift of the DLA. The spiral galaxy is identified as thehost galaxy of the QSO based on the near perfect alignment of the nucleus anddisk of the galaxy as well as spectra of an H II region showing emission linesat the QSO redshift. A small feature appears 0.70" from the nucleus of the QSOafter PSF subtraction, providing another candidate for the host galaxy of theDLA. (abb)

The First Observations of Low Redshift Damped Lyman-alpha Systems with the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph