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Recent observations of the black hole (BH) - bulge scaling relations usuallyreport positive redshift evolution, with higher redshift galaxies harboringmore massive BHs than expected from the local relations. All of these studiesfocus on broad line quasars with BH mass estimated from virial estimators basedon single-epoch spectra. Since the sample selection is largely based on quasarluminosity, the cosmic scatter in the BH-bulge relation introduces astatistical bias leading to on average more massive BHs given galaxy propertiesat high redshift (Lauer et al. 2007). We here emphasize a previouslyunder-appreciated statistical bias resulting from the uncertainty ofsingle-epoch virial BH mass estimators and the shape of the underlying (true)BH mass function, which leads to on average overestimation of the true BHmasses at the high-mass end (Shen et al. 2008). We demonstrate that the lattervirial mass bias can contribute a substantial amount to the observed excess inBH mass at fixed bulge properties, comparable to the Lauer et al. bias. Thevirial mass bias is independent of the Lauer et al. bias, hence if both biasesare at work, they can largely (or even fully) account for the observed BH massexcess at high redshift.

The Impact of the Uncertainty in Single-Epoch Virial Black Hole Mass Estimates on the Observed Evolution of the Black Hole - Bulge Scaling Relations