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[Abridged] We present the first comprehensive analysis of HST observations ofshort-duration gamma-ray burst (GRB) host galaxies. These observations allow usto characterize the galactic and local environments of short GRBs as a powerfulconstraint on the nature of their progenitors. Using the HST data for 10 shortGRB hosts we determine the host morphological properties, measure precisephysical and host-normalized offsets relative to the galaxy centers, and studythe locations of short GRBs relative to their host light distributions. We findthat most short GRB hosts have exponential disk profiles, characteristic oflate-type galaxies, but with a median size that is twice as large as that oflong GRB hosts, commensurate with their higher luminosities. The observeddistribution of projected physical offsets, supplemented by ground-basedmeasurements, has a median of ~5 kpc, about 5 times larger than for long GRBs,and in good agreement with predicted offset distributions for NS-NS binarymergers. For the short GRB population as a whole we find the following robustconstraints: (i) >25% have projected offsets of <10 kpc; and (ii) >5% haveprojected offsets of >20 kpc. We find no clear systematic trends for the offsetdistribution of short GRBs with and without extended soft emission. While thephysical offsets are larger than for long GRBs, the distribution ofhost-normalized offsets is nearly identical due to the larger size of short GRBhosts. Finally, unlike long GRBs, which are concentrated in the brightestregions of their host galaxies, short GRBs appear to under-represent the lightdistribution of their hosts; this is true even in comparison to core-collapseand Type Ia supernovae. Based on these results, we conclude that short GRBs areconsistent with a progenitor population of NS-NS binaries.

Hubble Space Telescope Observations of Short GRB Host Galaxies: Morphologies, Offsets, and Local Environments