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We present a weak-lensing analysis of the z=1.4 galaxy cluster XMMUJ2235.3-2557, based on deep Advanced Camera for Surveys images. Despite theobservational challenge set by the high redshift of the lens, we detect asubstantial lensing signal at the >~ 8 sigma level. This clear detection isenabled in part by the high mass of the cluster, which is verified by our bothparametric and non-parametric estimation of the cluster mass. Assuming that thecluster follows a Navarro-Frenk-White mass profile, we estimate that theprojected mass of the cluster within r=1 Mpc is (8.5+-1.7) x 10^14 solar mass,where the error bar includes the statistical uncertainty of the shear profile,the effect of possible interloping background structures, the scatter inconcentration parameter, and the error in our estimation of the mean redshiftof the background galaxies. The high X-ray temperature 8.6_{-1.2}^{+1.3} keV ofthe cluster recently measured with Chandra is consistent with this high lensingmass. When we adopt the 1-sigma lower limit as a mass threshold and use thecosmological parameters favored by the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe5-year (WMAP5) result, the expected number of similarly massive clusters at z>~ 1.4 in the 11 square degree survey is N ~ 0.005. Therefore, the discovery ofthe cluster within the survey volume is a rare event with a probability < 1%,and may open new scenarios in our current understanding of cluster formationwithin the standard cosmological model.

astrophysical journal/the astrophysical journal

Hubble Space Telescope Weak-lensing Study of the Galaxy Cluster XMMU  J2235.3-2557 at z=1.4: A Surprisingly Massive Galaxy Cluster when the  Universe is One-third of its Current Age