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We present photometric and spectroscopic observations of the 2009 Feb. 2transit of the exoplanet XO-3b. The new data show that the planetary orbitalaxis and stellar rotation axis are misaligned, as reported earlier by Hebrardand coworkers. We find the angle between the sky projections of the two axes tobe 37.3 +/- 3.7 deg, as compared to the previously reported value of 70 +/- 15deg. The significance of this discrepancy is unclear because there areindications of systematic effects. XO-3b is the first exoplanet known to have ahighly inclined orbit relative to the equatorial plane of its parent star, andas such it may fulfill the predictions of some scenarios for the migration ofmassive planets into close-in orbits. We revisit the statistical analysis ofspin-orbit alignment in hot-Jupiter systems. Assuming the stellar obliquitiesto be drawn from a single Rayleigh distribution, we find the mode of thedistribution to be 13^{+5}_{-2} deg. However, it remains the case that a modelrepresenting two different migration channels--in which some planets are drawnfrom a perfectly-aligned distribution and the rest are drawn from an isotropicdistribution--is favored over a single Rayleigh distribution.

On the Spin-Orbit Misalignment of the XO-3 Exoplanetary System