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Since the discovery of the phenomenally high urea content of the body fluids of cartilaginous fishes by Staedeler and Frerichs (1858), the unique osmoregulatory system of this vertebrate class has been studied by many investigators. In broad outline, the mechanisms are essentially similar in all three of the major subtaxa: the selachians, the batoids, and the holocephalans. A single exception is the genus Potamotrygon (fresh-water stingrays of South America and Africa), which has apparently lost the ability to concentrate urea even when transferred to salt water (Thorson, Cowan, and Watson 1967; Thorson 1970; Goldstein and Forster 1971b). Since the Chondrichthyes are primarily marine animals, research on them has centered mainly upon marine species, either in their natural environment or following transfer to various dilutions of seawater. These studies have been reviewed by Smith (1931b, 1936),

Body Fluid Solutes of Juveniles and Adults of the Euryhaline Bull Shark Carcharhinus leucas from Freshwater and Saline Environments