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Starting approximately 5,000 years ago, artisans began to utilize molds to cast flowing media such as metal, clay, glass, and plaster. Molds enabled manufacturers to efficiently increase the number of objects produced and enabled multiple consumers to acquire exact duplicates. The ability to make perfect copies also resulted in new perceptions of style and value, as both producers and consumers could identify distinctions along a scale of originality, from innovative one-of-a-kind items to reliably standardized examples to imperfectly executed knockoffs. This article examines the extent to which the acceptance of copying as a legitimate form of production and consumption for portable objects was linked to the technological processes that enabled exact replications to be made. The article also identifies urban centers as focal points of increased population density and economic activity that played a particular role in the adoption of molding technologies and their finished products. An example is taken from the Indian subcontinent, where the ancient city of Sisupalgarh provides evidence for the widespread use of rapidly made molded terracotta jewelry such as bracelets, pendants, and ear ornaments.

The Concept of Copies: An Archaeological View of the Terracotta Ornaments from Sisupalgarh, India