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When there is conspicuous under-exploitation of a limited resource, it isworth asking what mechanisms allow presumably valuable resources to be leftunused? Evolutionary biologists have generated a wide range of hypotheses toexplain this, ranging from interdemic group selection to selfishly prudentindividual restraint. We consider a situation in which, in spite of highintraspecific competition, individuals leave most of a key resourceunexploited. The parasitic wasp that does this finds virtually all host eggclusters in a landscape, but parasitizes only about a third of the eggs ineach, and then leaves a deterrent mark around the cluster. We first test, andreject, a series of system-specific simple constraints that might limit fullhost exploitation, such as asynchronous maturation of host eggs. We thenconsider classical hypotheses for the evolution of restraint. Prudent predationand bet-hedging fail as explanations because the wasp lives as a largewell-mixed population. Also, we find no individual benefits to the parasitoidof developing in a sparsely parasitized host nest. However an optimal foragingmodel, including empirically measured costs of superparasitism andhyperparasitism, can explain through individual selection, both theconsistently low rate of parasitism and marking.

The puzzle of sub-maximal resource use by a parasitoid wasp