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This article focuses on the point at which the slave soldiers of al-Muʿtaṣim (r. a.h. 218–227/833–842 c.e.) rose to the political forefront and came to dominate the holder of the Caliphal seat. It is a study of the mechanisms by which the center of the state, and more specifically the Caliph, came to be their captives. D. Ayalon has argued that “the appearance of the Mamlūks as a major military force under the ʿAbbāsids roughly coincided with the beginning of the disintegration of their caliphate, a fact which prevented the caliphs from making proper use of them.”2 Let us now explore that disintegration from a very different viewpoint. To begin, let me turn to al-Dīnawarī, who wrote:

The Death of al-ʿAbbās b. al-Maʾmūn and a “Thwarted” Coup d’État