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During the first decade of the eighteenth century, the study of court ceremonies and their highly complex symbolism reached its peak as a scholarly discipline in Germany. The noted master of ceremonies Johann von Besser (Fig. 1) was without doubt one of the most important authorities on the subject in Europe. He possessed a celebrated private library containing the most learned ceremonial literature of his time, and he was active as an experienced practitioner in a responsible position at the courts of Berlin (Friedrich III, Elector of Brandenburg 1688-1701, and, as Friedrich I, king of Prussia 1701-1713) and Dresden (August, Elector of Saxony 1694-1733, and, as August II, called "the Strong," king of Poland 1697-1704 and 1709-1733). In contrast to his German contemporaries in the field of ceremonial literature, Johann Christian Lünig, Julius Bernhard von Rohr, and Gottfried Stieve, however, Johann von Besser barely won notice for his own publications on matters of ceremony, aside from his famous description of Friedrich I's coronation. Nevertheless, he was in contrast incomparably more productive as a poet in the Baroque court's lyric style and as an author of numerous "state documents and laudations," "eulogies and consolations," as well as other occasional works, which appeared for the first time in Dresden in 1711 and were held in great esteem in the literary world of the early eighteenth century. In his role as principal master of ceremonies at the court of Friedrich I in Berlin, he was responsible for the conception and staging of royal celebrations, and, at the same time, he composed texts for court musical comedies and ballets. Born the son of a clergyman in 1654 in Frauenburg in the Duchy of Kurland, Johann von Besser completed his studies in philosophy and theology in Königsberg and subsequently accompanied a young compatriot to Leipzig, the Saxon university and trading city, as his Master of Household. There he met Katharina Elisabeth Kühlewein, daughter of the mayor, whom he married in 1681 following his relocation to Berlin. As Legationsrat (legation counselor) to Friedrich I, he served on a

Documents of Court Gifts Collected by Johann von Besser (1654-1729)