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Planetary nebulae (PNe) are circumstellar gas ejected during an intensemass-losing phase in the the lives of asymptotic giant branch stars. PNe have astunning variety of shapes, most of which are not spherically symmetric. Thedebate over what makes and shapes the circumstellar gas of these evolved,intermediate mass stars has raged for two decades. Today the community isreaching a consensus that single stars cannot trivially manufacture PNe andimpart to them non spherical shapes and that a binary companion, possibly evena sub-stellar one, might be needed in a majority of cases. This theoreticalconjecture has however not been tested observationally. In this review wediscuss the problem both from the theoretical and observational standpoints,explaining the obstacles that stand in the way of a clean observational testand ways to ameliorate the situation. We also discuss indirect tests of thishypothesis and its implications for stellar and galactic astrophysics.

The Origin and Shaping of Planetary Nebulae: Putting the Binary Hypothesis to the Test