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The fraction of stellar mass contained in globular clusters (GCs), alsomeasured by number as the specific frequency, is a fundamental quantity thatreflects both a galaxy's early star formation and its entire merging history.We present specific frequencies, luminosities, and mass fractions for theglobular cluster systems of 100 early-type galaxies in the ACS Virgo ClusterSurvey, the largest homogeneous catalog of its kind. We find that 1) GC massfractions can be high in both giants and dwarfs, but are universally low ingalaxies with intermediate luminosities. 2) The behavior of specific frequencyacross galaxy mass is dominated by the blue GCs. 3) The GC fractions oflow-mass galaxies exhibit a dependence on environment. Nearly all dwarfgalaxies with high GC fractions are within 1 Mpc of the cD galaxy M87,presenting the first strong evidence that GC formation in dwarfs is biasedtoward dense environments. 4) GC formation in central dwarfs is biased becausetheir stars form earliest and most intensely. Comparisons to the MillenniumSimulation show that central dwarfs have older stellar populations and formmore stars at higher star formation rates (SFRs) and SFR surface densities. TheSFR surface density in simulated dwarfs peaks before the total SFR, naturallyproducing GC populations that are older and more metal-poor than the fieldstars. 5) Dwarfs within ~40 kpc of the giant ellipticals M87 and M49 are redand have few or no GCs, suggesting that they have been tidally stripped andhave contributed their GCs to the halos of their giant neighbors. The centraldwarfs with high GC mass fractions are thus likely to be the survivors mostsimilar to the protogalaxies that assembled the rich M87 globular clustersystem.(Abridged)

The ACS Virgo Cluster Survey XV. The Formation Efficiencies of Globular Clusters in Early-Type Galaxies: The Effects of Mass and Environment