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Observations with Spitzer Space Telescope have recently revealed asignificant population of high-redshift z~2 dust-obscured galaxies (DOGs) withlarge mid-IR to UV luminosity ratios. These galaxies have been missed intraditional optical studies of the distant universe. We present a simple methodfor selecting this high-z population based solely on the ratio of the observedmid-IR 24um to optical R-band flux density. In the 8.6 sq.deg Bootes NDWFSField, we uncover ~2,600 DOG candidates (= 0.089/sq.arcmin) with 24um fluxdensities F24>0.3mJy and (R-[24])>14 (i.e., F[24]/F[R] > 1000). These galaxieshave no counterparts in the local universe, and become a larger fraction of thepopulation at fainter F24, representing 13% of the sources at 0.3~mJy. DOGsexhibit evidence of both star-formation and AGN activity, with the brighter24um sources being more AGN- dominated. We have measured spectroscopicredshifts for 86 DOGs, and find a broad z distribution centered at <z>~2.0.Their space density is 2.82E-5 per cubic Mpc, similar to that of brightsub-mm-selected galaxies at z~2. These redshifts imply very large luminositiesLIR>~1E12-14 Lsun. DOGs contribute ~45-100% of the IR luminosity densitycontributed by all z~2 ULIRGs, suggesting that our simple selection criterionidentifies the bulk of z~2 ULIRGs. DOGs may be the progenitors of ~4L*present-day galaxies seen undergoing a luminous,short- lived phase of bulge andblack hole growth. They may represent a brief evolution phase between SMGs andless obscured quasars or galaxies. [Abridged]

A Significant Population of Very Luminous Dust-Obscured Galaxies at Redshift z ~ 2