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Meridional flows with velocities of a few meters per second are observed inthe uppermost regions of the solar convection zone. The amplitude and patternof the flows deeper in the solar interior, in particular near the top of theradiative region, are of crucial importance to a wide range of solarmagnetohydrodynamical processes. In this paper, we provide a systematic studyof the penetration of large-scale meridional flows from the convection zoneinto the radiative zone. In particular, we study the effects of the assumedboundary conditions applied at the convective-radiative interface on the deeperflows. Using simplified analytical models in conjunction with more completenumerical methods, we show that penetration of the convectively-drivenmeridional flows into the deeper interior is not necessarily limited to ashallow Ekman depth but can penetrate much deeper, depending on how theconvective-radiative interface flows are modeled.

On the penetration of meridional circulation below the solar convection zone