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In 1860, Joseph-Louis Guerin, a seminarian in the French city of Nantes, promised his mother that he would bring her a rosary blessed by Pope Pius IX. At first, she thought he was referring to the distant future, after his ordination. But he told her gently that he would be leaving for Rome immediately, and as she wept, he departed to join the pontifical Zouaves, the international volunteer force of devout Catholics dedicated to preserving the temporal sovereignty of the Holy See against the forces of the Italian Risorgimento. Guerin was wounded at the battle of Castelfidardo later that year, and he died on All Saints’ Day, “in ecstasy,” smiling, and with his eyes wide open and insensitive to light. In death his face “preserved the angelic form it had had in life.” Guerin’s story continues in a more unusual vein after his death. In March 1861, a young, desperately ill Italian girl, paralyzed, blind, and epileptic, saw a man in a peculiar uniform—baggy Arab-style trousers and a short jacket decorated with red braid—who instructed her to continue praying. The next night he appeared again and told her that her prayers had been answered: she immediately stood up, opened her eyes and saw an image of the Virgin on the wall. On her way from confession the next day, she recognized her visitor’s distinctive uniform when she passed a contingent of Zouaves in the street, and, shown a photograph of the dead Guerin, she recognized him as her visitor.1 The story of Guerin’s miracle circulated in Zouave commemorative literature, and for many his presumed sanctity came to represent the martyrdom of all Zouaves. Guerin’s story is evidence of a particular strain of French Catholic devotion to Pius IX and of Catholic mobilization in the face of the threat to papal sovereignty. It is a strange narrative, however, that disrupts many of our assumptions about how French men and women experienced emotion, faith, and the supernatural. This essay explores the stories told about Joseph Guerin and other Zouaves, with particular attention to what they tell us about gender and Catholic spirituality. Guerin and his fellow Zouaves were hardly typical of

Zouave Stories: Gender, Catholic Spirituality, and French Responses to the Roman Question