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Alchian and Allen (1964) show that a per unit transactions cost lowers the relative price of, and raises the relative demand for, high quality goods. We extend their theory, deriving a relationship between per unit and ad-valorem trade costs and the quality composition of trade. Detailed international trade data for many importers and exporters are used to test these predictions. Within a narrowly defined commodity classification, exporters charge destination-varying prices that co-vary positively with shipping costs and negatively with tariffs. These results provide a clear rejection of the iceberg assumption on transportation costs and a strong confirmation of the classical Alchian-Allen hypothesis. We show that these results cannot be explained by monopoly pricing-to-market behavior.

Shipping the Good Apples Out? An Empirical Confirmation of the Alchian‐Allen Conjecture