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The immediate Solar neighborhood should be a fair sample of the local Galaxy.However, the chemical abundance distribution of long-lived disk stars very nearthe Sun contains a factor of five to ten more metal-poor stars, $-1 \simlt {\rm[Fe/H]} \simlt -0.4$ dex, than is consistent with modern star-count models oflarger scale Galactic structure. The metallicity distribution of completesamples of long-lived stars has long been recognised as providing uniqueconstraints on the early stages of chemical evolution of the Galaxy, so thatone would like to resolve this anomaly. We present a new derivation of thelocal G-dwarf metallicity distribution, based on the Third Gliese catalogcombined with Olsen's (1983) Str\"omgren photometry. Kinematic data for thesesame stars, as well as for a high-precision sample studied by Edvardsson {\slet al.} (1993), provide clear evidence that the abundance distribution below[Fe/H]$\sim -0.4$ contains two over-lapping distributions, the thick disk andthe thin disk. We achieve a reliable deconvolution of the relative numbers ineach population by comparing the local metallicity distribution with a recentdetermination (Gilmore, Wyse \& Jones 1995) of the metallicity distribution ofF/G stars {\sl in situ} some 1500pc from the Sun. The gravitational sieve ofthe Galactic potential acts on this second sample to segregate the low velocitydispersion, thin-disk, component of the local sample, leaving predominantly thesecond, higher velocity dispersion component. The combination of these twodatasets allows us to determine the source of the local paradox: there is asubstantial tail of the thin disk (defined kinematically) metallicitydistribution, which extends below ${\rm [Fe/H] \approx -0.4}$dex. This is arobust conclusion, being consistent with the sum of star count, stellar spatialComment: Plain tex file, to appear in Astron J (Dec 1995 scheduled). Figures  hard copy only available from Rosie Wyse at JHU addres

Chemistry and Kinematics in the Solar Neighborhood: Implications for Stellar Populations and for Galaxy Evolution