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where V t and Vb are the velocities of the forward and back reactions respectively, and R and T have their usual meanings. As AGdis corresponds to the amount of free energy available from ATP not conserved as free energy in the transported ions, knowledge of the transmembrane ionic free energy differences would allow calculation of the total free energy available from ATP. Two shortcomings of this method are that (a) two simultaneous isotopic estimations of Vf and Va for the sodium pump are required and (b) that Eq. 1 holds only if the rate-limiting steps of the transport ATPase reaction occur on a one-to-one molar basis per mole of overall reaction (Boudart, 1976). While this may very well be the case, one can avoid this unproven assumption and the difficulties of measuring simultaneous isotopic flux differences by making use of the current-carrying property of the electrogenic sodium pump. Although the concept of an electrogenic sodium pump has been widely accepted in a variety of tissues for many years now (Thomas, 1972 a), it is only recently that serious attempts have been made to conceive and measure the contribution that an electrogenic pump could make to the total membrane current-voltage relationship (Marmor, 1971; Isenberg and Trautwein, 1974; 1975). While most evidence in hand seems to suggest that the electrogenic pump operates independently of the electrical gradient over a wide range of membrane potentials, this result would not appear to be intuitively obvious. The electrogenic sodium pump can be defined macroscopically in terms of three basic partial reactions:

The reversal potential for an electrogenic sodium pump: a method for determining the free energy of ATP breakdown?