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Ryanodine-sensitive intracellular Ca 2+ channels (RyRs) open upon binding Ca 2+ at cytosolic-facing sites. This results in concerted, self-reinforcing opening of RyRs clustered in specialized regions on the membranes of Ca 2+ storage organelles (endoplasmic reticulum and sarcoplasmic reticulum), a process that produces Ca 2+ -induced Ca 2+ release (CICR). The process is optimized to achieve large but brief and localized increases in cytosolic Ca 2+ concentration, a feature now believed to be critical for encoding the multiplicity of signals conveyed by this ion. In this paper, I trace the path of research that led to a consensus on the physiological significance of CICR in skeletal muscle, beginning with its discovery. I focus on the approaches that were developed to quantify the contribution of CICR to the Ca 2+ increase that results in contraction, as opposed to the flux activated directly by membrane depolarization (depolarization-induced Ca 2+ release [DICR]). Although the emerging consensus is that CICR plays an important role alongside DICR in most taxa, its contribution in most mammalian muscles appears to be limited to embryogenesis. Finally, I survey the relevance of CICR, confirmed or plausible, to pathogenesis as well as the multiple questions about activation of release channels that remain unanswered after 50 years.

Calcium-induced release of calcium in muscle: 50 years of work and the emerging consensus