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The most elusive period in Plasmodium's life cycle spans from the moment a human feels the sting of an infected mosquito to the time the victim starts to shiver—a sign that the parasite has infected the red blood cells. During this interval, the bugs are few in number, and they dash to the liver at high speeds.     Figure 1      Robert Menard     At the Pasteur Institute in Paris, Robert Menard spies on the parasites' journey in real-time to figure out how they move and gain access to their various cellular targets. How pathogens sneak into cells is a question that has interested Menard since the start of his research career. As a Ph.D. student, he identified the proteins that Shigella, the bacterium that causes dysentery, uses to penetrate the gut epithelium (1, 2). Later, as a postdoctoral fellow, Menard discovered that Plasmodium uses a protein called circumsporozoite to both develop inside the mosquito midgut and to grab on to mammalian liver cells (3).  After starting his own lab in 2001, Menard developed techniques to track Plasmodium during its odyssey within infected mosquitoes and mice. His discoveries have challenged many presumptions about Plasmodium's early behavior within the host.  Menard's movies show that injected parasites don't just glide to the liver as previously thought. Some make a detour to lymph nodes—one of the training centers of the immune system (4), while others remain at the bite site (5). Those that make it to the liver shield themselves from macrophages and dendritic cells by clustering within vacuole-like structures called merosomes that eventually bud out into the blood (6). Menard is now combining genetic tools with his movie-making skills to identify host and parasite genes that direct the parasites' early itinerary within the host.

Robert Ménard: Tailing malaria parasites to the red blood cell