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Some 30 years ago, Chambers proposed that the cell surface is covered by a thin amphous `cell coat" (1) . The evidence in support of this view was mostly indirect until the cell coat was demonstrated in numerous rat cells by light microscopy with the periodic acid-Schiff or colloidal iron procedure (2) and by electron microscopy with periodic acid-silver methenamine (3) or phosphotungstic acid at low pH (4) . The staining of the cell coat by these techniques was attributed to the presence of glycoprotein material (3) tightly attached to the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane (4) . The cell coat was found to be most prominent at the apical surface of cells which are in contact with a lumen (3, 5) . In the small intestine of cat and some other species, a thick coating of periodic acid-Schiffpositive fuzzy material was described on the tips and sides of the microvilli making up the apical surface of columnar cells (5) . To investigate the formation of this material, Ito (6) incubated pieces of cat intestine with glucose3H and, using electron microscope radioautography, observed a reaction first over the cytoplasm and, after 1 hr, along the apical surface . Light microscope radioautographic studies carried out in our department showed that, minutes after injection of galactose 3H into young rats, the label was localized in the Golgi region of duodenal columnar cells and, soon after, was present at the apical border (7, 8) . The early localization of the galactose label to the Golgi apparatus of intestinal cells was later confirmed in the electron microscope (9-11) . These investigations led to the belief that the apical surface of intestinal columnar cells is characterized by a rapidly forming carbohydrate layer. In the course of a recent study of this problem with galactose 3H (11), there were indications that the label appeared not only at the apical surface, but also at the other cell surfaces . However, this phenomenon was not so clear as one might wish because of scattered labeling in the cytoplasm . This scatter may be explained by unpublished observations of A . Weinstock showing rapid passage of some galactose label into glucose, which would then be utilized for glycogen synthesis or, after transformation into amino acids, for protein synthesis . On the other hand, recent experience

the journal of cell biology/the journal of cell biology

FORMATION OF CELL COAT MATERIAL FOR THE WHOLE SURFACE OF COLUMNAR CELLS IN THE RAT SMALL INTESTINE, AS VISUALIZED BY RADIOAUTOGRAPHY WITH <scp>L</scp>-FUCOSE-3H

FORMATION OF CELL COAT MATERIAL FOR THE WHOLE SURFACE OF COLUMNAR CELLS IN THE RAT SMALL INTESTINE, AS VISUALIZED BY RADIOAUTOGRAPHY WITH L-FUCOSE-3H