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This study evaluated various biological parameters in subjects exposed to hypoxia, to verify effective monitoring for early hypoxia detection. Hypoxic-hypoxia is a life-threatening condition, but no method of early detection in flight has been established. Six healthy male subjects underwent 2 experiments at different oxygen concentrations (O 2 ) during hypoxic exposure on different days. Subjects inhaled approximately 21% O 2  for 3 minutes, hypoxia using approximately 14% O 2  in Experiment 1 and 7% O 2  in Experiment 2 for 3.5 minutes using a reduced oxygen breathing device. During the experiments, pupil diameter (PD), cerebral oxygenated hemoglobin (O 2 Hb), peripheral tissue oxygen saturation (SpO 2 ), heart rate (HR), and blood pressure (BP) were measured. All 6 subjects completed both Experiments 1 and 2. ΔO 2 Hb showed significant correlations with %HR (r = −0.6005,  P  &lt; .0001), %PD (r = −0.5227,  P  = .0001), and %SpO 2  (r = 0.8281,  P  &lt; .0001) in Experiment 1. ΔO 2 Hb also showed significant correlations with %HR (r = −0.7904,  P  &lt; .0001), %PD (r = −0.7933,  P  &lt; .0001), and %SpO 2  (r = 0.7240,  P  &lt; .0001) in Experiment 2. Rapid hypoxic exposure caused increase in %PD and decrease in ΔO 2 Hb, followed by immediate increase in %HR, and then decrease in %SpO 2 . The present study suggested that monitoring of HR, PD, and O 2 Hb were earlier parameters to detect hypoxia than SpO 2.

Effective Monitoring for Early Detection of Hypoxia in Fighter Pilots