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This article examines how the Chinese government increases the effectiveness of policy implementation by resorting to citizen participation. Based on an in-depth case study of the waste classification policy implementation in county T, province Z, this article demonstrates three citizen-enlistment strategies applied in the local state: (1) local-elites enlistment, (2) social norms innovation, and (3) blurring the role boundaries between citizens and frontline bureaucrats. This article also illustrates the citizen-enlistment motivations of governments: (1) to increase the dynamic and controllable working staff in policy implementation, (2) to maintain a flexible social control system to reduce accountability pressure, and (3) to overcome information asymmetry by holding citizens responsible for their suggestions and claims. In general, the citizen-enlistment strategies, to some extent, facilitate the effectiveness of policy implementation in the local state.

Enlisting citizens: forging the effectiveness of policy implementation in local China