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A nanostructured TiO 2  was synthesised by the sol−gel method with addition of nano-ZnO powder which is deposited over the solar laminated glass substrate by the dip coating method to study the surface properties, optical properties and I–V characteristics. The coating thickness and the surface roughness varied with addition of ZnO. The X-ray diffraction results showed the changes in the crystallinity from the amorphous into anatase phase at 450° C with a crystallite size of 22.6 nm. The microstructure of the film was analysed by SEM, and the elemental compositions were confirmed by EDAX. Surface topography was characterised by AFM which reveals that the surface has many spikes which confirms that the surface is not smooth. The optical properties such as absorption and reflection were investigated by using a UV-VIS spectrometer which shows that the absorption was 1.36% and the reflection was reduced to 7% at the wavelength of 300 nm. The wettability was analysed using a goniometer which reveals that the surface was superhydrophilic in nature and 15% of efficiency was observed in the I–V measurement.

A sol-gel synthesis of TiO 2 : ZnO film for solar photovoltaic application