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In the present investigation, the property and vibrational characteristics of the compression engine along variable pressure rating (VCR) use nanoparticles added to macadamia biodiesel. Crude oil is transformed to biodiesel by reaction with triglycerides and potassium methoxide as a catalyst at 60°C for one hour. The composition of fatty acids and the properties of modified biodiesel fuel are tested under ASTM and EN standards and compared with those with diesel properties. Two different nanoparticles, namely, titanium dioxide (TiO2) and aluminium oxides (Al2O3) were used with macadamia biodiesel at 30 and 50 ppm to prepare different experimental fuels. The engine tests are made with a CI engine with less than 4 Nm and 8 Nm with a constant engine speed of 1500 rpm and compression ratios of 17:1, 18:1 and 19:1. The results showed that the addition of nanoparticles to macadamia biodiesel at ppm level did not cause any problems in the chemical structures but a slight increase in temperature and cetane number. Additionally, the combined effect of titanium dioxide significantly reduced emissions regardless of NOx emissions. In particular, the addition of titanium dioxide to fossil fuels has been a major factor in reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

An experimental investigation on emission characteristics and vibration analysis of a diesel engine