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Based on the works of Hakuin Ekaku 白隱慧鶴 (1686–1769), this article analyses the practice system he constructed and its background and clarifies the following two conclusions. First, the system of practice demonstrated by Hakuin involves focus on one specific kind of practice to achieve ‘seeing one’s nature’ ( kenshō  見性), and then ‘practice after insight’ ( gogo no shugyō  悟後の修行). Among them, ‘practice after insight’ consists of two parts: ‘seeking bodhi above’ ( jōgu bodai  上求菩提) by constantly consulting  kōan  cases to refine one’s own realisation, and ‘cultivating sentient beings below’ ( geke shujō  下化眾生) by guiding other people through giving dharma teachings. Second, the core of Hakuin’s practice system is the three essential elements consisting of ‘insight,’ ‘seeking bodhi above,’ and ‘cultivating sentient beings below.’ The background against which they formed was the three enlightenments obtained in Hakuin Ekaku’s life.

Hakuin’s system of practice and its background