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There is evidence from international studies that tobacco smoking increases the risk of tuberculosis recurrence through its effects on the immunological and barrier functions of the airways. In this cross-sectional study, the association between current tobacco smoking and retreatment tuberculosis was studied in a population of 1 926 South African tuberculosis patients with high human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co-infection rates. Retreatment tuberculosis was more common in male and among HIV-positive participants currently on antiretroviral treatment, or with unknown antiretroviral treatment status. However, we did not find an association between smoking and retreatment tuberculosis. A longitudinal study is needed to confirm these findings.

Factors associated with retreatment tuberculosis in Tshwane, south africa: the role of tobacco smoking