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Regulatory agencies require demonstration of non-genotoxicity of new chemical entities prior to their use as pharmaceuticals or additives. Consequently, the  in vitro  cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and apoptoxicity of five novel monoazo colourants (8-hydroxy-3,6-disulphonaphthyl azohydroxynaphthalenes,  3a-e ) on human lymphocytes were evaluated using a cell viability assay, alkaline comet assay, DNA diffusion assay, DFT calculations and molecular docking. The test concentrations of the compounds varied from 0 to 3.4 mM. Relative to negative control, the compounds at concentrations up to 0.5mM induced small dose-dependent reduction (&lt; 20%) in viability of lymphocytes. Statistically significant changes (p&lt;0.05) in DNA damage parameters (percent tail DNA, tail extent moment, olive tail moment) were observed at all concentrations of  3a ,  3b  while  3c-e  showed genotoxicity at 2.8, 0.17 and 3.4 mM respectively. Compounds  3a ,  3b ,  3d  induced apoptosis at concentrations below cytotoxic doses while  3c  and  3e  were non-apoptoxic at all test concentrations. DFT calculations showed the genotoxicity of  3a-e  increased with electrophilicity and ionization potentials of the compounds. Molecular docking of  3a-e  with apoptosis-associated proteins revealed binding affinity patterns that were consistent with observed experimental apoptoxicity. The structure-genotoxicity relationships of five novel monoazo compounds, which can be employed in the design of safer congeners, have been elucidated.

analytical chemistry letters

In vitro  Cytotoxicity, Genotoxicity and Apoptoxicity of 8-Hydroxy-3,6-disulphonaphthyl Azohydroxynaphthalenes using Human Lymphocytes: Experimental and Theoretical Profiling